The world’s first vaccine for ovarian cancer – being developed in the UK – could wipe out the deadly disease, researchers say.
Scientists at the University of Oxford are creating OvarianVax, a vaccine which teaches the immune system to recognise and attack the earliest stages of ovarian cancer.
The hope is that the jab could be given to women preventatively on the NHS with the aim of eliminating the disease.
Experts suggest it could work in a similar way to the human papillomavirus (HPV) jab, which is on track to stamp out cervical cancer.
For the new work, Professor Ahmed Ahmed, director of the ovarian cancer cell laboratory at MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine the University of Oxford, and his team are identifying cellular targets for the vaccine.
They will establish which proteins on the surface of early-stage ovarian cancer cells are most strongly recognised by the immune system, and how effectively the vaccine kills mini-models of ovarian cancer in the lab.
They will then move on to human clinical trials in people with BRCA gene mutations – which massively increase the risk of ovarian cancer – and healthy women in the general population to see if the disease could be prevented.
What is ovarian cancer?
Ovarian cancer affects the ovaries, two small, oval-shaped organs in the female reproductive system. It occurs when abnormal cells begin to grow and divide in an uncontrolled way, forming a tumor. If not detected early, these cancerous cells can spread to nearby tissues and other parts of the body.
How does the new ovarian cancer vaccine work?
Cancer Research UK is funding the study with up to £600,000 over the next three years.
Prof Ahmed said if the jab is successful, he would expect to start seeing an impact within the next five years.
Asked if ovarian cancer could be wiped out with the new vaccine, he said: ‘Absolutely – that would be the aim. We still have a long way to go but it is a really exciting time. I’m very optimistic myself.’
For the work, scientists will create the vaccine in the lab, with the aim of training the immune system to recognise more than 100 proteins on the surface of ovarian cancer. They will then move to testing the vaccine in patients with the disease.
Prof Ahmed said: ‘The idea is, if you give the vaccine, these tiny tumours will hopefully either reduce, shrink really significantly, or disappear. That would give us the sign that the vaccine is working.
‘Now, let’s imagine that it all goes well, and the vaccine really works well. The obvious population who would benefit from this are the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, because they have a very high chance of getting ovarian cancer.
‘If you give it to those patients and it’s effective, then you get the best health economics and the best cost-effectiveness.’
What are the standard treatments for ovarian cancer?
At the moment, there is no screening test for ovarian cancer, which is often diagnosed in late stages because the symptoms – such as bloating and no appetite – can be vague.
Standard treatment depends on factors like the size, type, location, and whether it has spread. The main treatments are surgery and chemotherapy, with options like targeted medicines and hormone therapy also available.
However, it is known that women with BRCA mutations, such as actress Angelina Jolie, are at high risk.
How many women in the UK are affected byovarian cancer?
- There are around 7,500 new ovarian cancer cases in the UK every year.
- Just over a third of women (35%) with ovarian cancer will survive for 10 years after diagnosis.
- Around 4,100 women die from the disease each year in the UK.
When will the ovarian cancer vaccine be rolled out in the UK?
Prof Ahmed added: ‘I am optimistic because we are talking about preventing the very first few cancer cells that develop – and not trying to cure or treat or prevent the tumour coming back.
‘I’m hoping that, because the number of cells that we will be targeting is quite small, we will have success. We’ve seen success with the HPV vaccine – it’s really, really incredibly effective.’
Though the full timeline for a vaccine being approved might be ‘years away’, the impact would hopefully be seen sooner, Prof Ahmed said.
He said that, through the clinical trials, he would hope to start seeing the impact of the vaccine ‘in four or five years on the healthy population.’
There are around 7,500 new ovarian cancer cases every year in the UK, with BRCA mutations accounting for around 5% to 15% of these cases.
Michelle Mitchell, chief executive of Cancer Research UK, said: ‘Projects like OvarianVax are a really important step forward into an exciting future, where cancer is much more preventable.
‘This funding will power crucial discoveries in the lab which will realise our ambitions to improve ovarian cancer survival.
‘OvarianVax builds on the exciting developments in vaccine technology during the pandemic. This is one of many projects which we hope will give women longer, better lives, free from the fear of cancer.’
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